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FLORA AND FAUNA
Video shows how wasp uses zinc-tipped drill to penetrate fruit
by Brooks Hays
Bangalore, India (UPI) May 29, 2013


How did Estonia's frogs cross the road?
Tallinn (AFP) May 29, 2014 - Thousands of frogs in Estonia have lived to lay eggs another spring thanks to a battalion of volunteers who carried them across busy roads, organisers said Thursday.

After hibernating through the Baltic state's bitter-cold winter, frogs hop out onto roads en masse in the spring as they make their way to breeding grounds to lay eggs.

"This is when the trouble starts and we humans need to help them because they often cross busy roads and many of them get crushed under cars," biologist Piret Pappel with Tallinn's Frog NGO told AFP.

"We used buckets to carry 15,677 frogs safely to the other side of the road or closer to where they lay eggs," added Mariliis Tago from the Estonian Fund for Nature.

Around 200 volunteers set up nets in 79 spots across Estonia to catch the amphibians, measuring 8-11 centimetres (three-four inches), where they are known to cross roads.

Despite what some environmental advocates might say, humans are not parasites; humans don't rely on another organism for habitat or reproduction purposes. Parasitic wasps -- as their name implies -- aren't so lucky.

Parasitic wasps must bore into unripe fig fruit in order to lay their eggs -- eggs that then look for other larvae to attach themselves to. To do so -- scientists from Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore recently found out -- they employ a narrow drill tipped with zinc and outfitted with saw-like teeth on the end.

Although other insects have been known to employ similar techniques, this latest study is one of the first to offer such an in-depth look at the biological tools that enable it. And an accompanying video shows how the wasp uses its drill bit, or ovipositor -- bio-speak for "egg depositor."

Once the wasp deposits her eggs inside the fig, they mature and then infiltrate the larvae of other species.

"These kinds of structures seem to bore so efficiently -- that's what is really amazing about this system," lead researcher Namrata Gundiah said. Gundiah is a mechanical engineer at the institute in Bangalore, India.

The narrow, flexible ovipositor wouldn't be so efficient -- and much less able to penetrate unripe fig skin -- if it wasn't for it's saw-like teeth and the zinc, which acts as a hardening agent.

The Bangalore researchers used an electron microscope and an X-ray detector to detect or hone in on the presence of zinc on the drill tip.

"I'm trained in studying steel and other kinds of synthetic materials," Gundiah added, "but if you try and apply the same ideas to look at such biological systems, suddenly it opens up so many possibilities of understanding how nature works."

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