One of the most visible - and fabulously beautiful - effects of this 'space weather' on our planet are the aurora borealis, the famous 'northern lights' that dance across the high (and low) latitudes.

Throughout human history, spectacular auroral eruptions have given rise to fearful beliefs of mythological creatures, have driven folklore and have influenced culture, religion and art.

Today, we know the aurora are the visible manifestations in our atmosphere of space weather, and occur when electrically charged particles from the Sun collide with Earth's atmosphere. These particles are delivered by the 'solar wind' - a constant stream of electrons, protons and heavier ions - emitted by our Sun.

Old Sol can also lash out with Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), colossal outbursts of clouds of solar plasma flung into space, often washing across our planet after crossing millions of km of space.

Living beside a star
These phenomena can lead to geomagnetic storms at Earth, which can affect the vital systems on which our modern societies depend, such as satellites, communication networks or power grids.

Aurora are beautiful and harmless, but remind us that we live with an active star that can do real damage to daily life.

A recent ESA study estimated that the potential socio-economic impact in Europe from a single extreme space weather event could be about euro 15 billion.

In the coming years, the sensitivity of our economies to space weather effects is expected to increase, particularly due to the increasing dependence on satellite navigation systems in transportation and aviation.

Hunting aurora
Through to 5 March, ESA is celebrating Space Weather Days, focusing on the aurora.

The highlight will be the #AuroraHunters SocialSpace event taking place in Tromso, Norway, 3-5 March, which will see 30 invited participants from 13 countries gathering for a full campaign of briefings on space weather, visits to geo-observatory facilities and - of course - aurora viewing at night (weather permitting!).

You can follow all the #AuroraHunters via Twitter, and keep an eye on the @esaoperations and @social4space Twitter accounts for updates from Tromso. Many other ESA Twitter accounts will also post space weather-related news and updates, and we'll post updates in ESA's Facebook and Instagram channels.

Facebook Live 3 March 2019 16:30 CET

On Sunday, 3 March, join us at 16:30 CET for a webcast via Facebook reporting live from Tromso.

Taking action
So what's ESA doing about space weather?

We can't control our Sun, but timely alerts - like those to be enabled by ESA's future Lagrange solar warning mission - will allow civil authorities and commercial actors to take protective measures, helping minimise economic losses and avoiding a disaster that could affect all of us.

Watching the Sun from a unique position in space, the Lagrange satellite will allow monitoring of the potentially hazardous sunspots and high-speed solar wind streams before they come into view from Earth, and detect solar events and their propagation toward the Earth with higher accuracy than is possible today.

Data from the Lagrange mission will be transmitted to the Earth and distributed into ESA's Space Weather Service Network in near real-time, to generate warnings and forecasts.

Today, a major solar event could seriously disrupt or damage 21st century systems that are critical to Europe's daily economic functioning, and even routine solar activity can have a costly effect on satellites and infrastructure on ground.

Related Links
Space Situational Awareness at ESA
Solar Science News at SpaceDaily

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Shedding light on the science of auroral breakups
Tokyo, Japan (SPX) Feb 11, 2019
Auroras, also known as Northern or Southern lights depending on whether they occur near the North or South Pole, are natural displays of light in the Earth's sky. Typically these lights are dimly present at night. However, sometimes these otherwise faint features explode in brightness and can even break up into separate glowing hallmarks, appearing as spectacular bursts of luminous manifestations. This striking and picturesque phenomenon is known as an auroral breakup. Now, Japanese scientists hav ... read more