Space Industry and Business News  
OIL AND GAS
Some gas produced by hydraulic fracturing comes from surprise source
by Staff Writers
San Francisco CA (SPX) Dec 16, 2015


This is a cross-section of the hydraulic fracturing process. Image courtesy Michael Wilkins, courtesy of The Ohio State University. For a larger version of this image please go here.

Some of the natural gas harvested by hydraulic fracturing operations may be of biological origin - made by microorganisms inadvertently injected into shale by oil and gas companies during the hydraulic fracturing process, a new study has found.

The study suggests that microorganisms including bacteria and archaea might one day be used to enhance methane production - perhaps by sustaining the energy a site can produce after fracturing ends.

The discovery is a result of the first detailed genomic analysis of bacteria and archaea living in deep fractured shales, and was made possible through a collaboration among universities and industry. The project is also yielding new techniques for tracing the movement of bacteria and methane within wells.

Researchers described the project's early results on Monday, Dec. 14, at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco.

"A lot is happening underground during the hydraulic fracturing process that we're just beginning to learn about," said principal investigator Paula Mouser, assistant professor of civil, environmental and geodetic engineering at The Ohio State University.

"The interactions of microorganisms and chemicals introduced into the wells create a fascinating new ecosystem. Some of what we learn could make the wells more productive."

Oil and gas companies inject fluid - mostly water drawn from surface reservoirs - underground to break up shale and release the oil and gas - mostly methane - that is trapped inside. Though they've long known about the microbes living inside fracturing wells - and even inject biocides to keep them from clogging the equipment - nobody has known for sure where the bacteria came from until now.

"Our results indicate that most of the organisms are coming from the input fluid," said Kelly Wrighton, assistant professor of microbiology and biophysics at Ohio State. "So this means that we're creating a whole new ecosystem a mile below the surface. Not only are we fracturing the rock, we're giving these organisms a new place to live and food to eat. And in fact, the biocides that we add to inhibit their growth may actually be fueling the production of methane."

That is, the biocides kill some types of bacteria, thus enabling other bacteria and archaea to prosper - species that somehow find a way to survive in water that is typically four times saltier than the ocean, and under pressures that are typically hundreds of times higher than on the surface of the earth. Deprived of light for photosynthesis, these hardy microorganisms adapt in part by eating chemicals found in the fracturing fluid and producing methane.

Next, the researchers want to pinpoint exactly how the bacteria enter the fracturing fluid. It's likely that they normally live in the surface water that makes up the bulk of the fluid. But there's at least one other possibility, Wrighton explained.

Oil and gas companies start the fracturing process by putting fresh water into giant blenders, where chemicals are added. The blenders are routinely swapped between sites, and sometimes companies re-use some of the well's production fluid. So it's possible that the bacteria live inside the equipment and propagate from well to well. In the next phase of the study, the team will sample site equipment to find out.

The clues emerged when the researchers began using genomic tools to construct a kind of metabolic blueprint for life living inside wells, Wrighton explained.

"We look at the fluid that comes out of the well," she said. "We take all the genes and enzymes in that fluid and create a picture of what the whole microbial community is doing. We can see whether they survive, what they eat and how they interact with each other."

The Ohio State researchers are working with partners at West Virginia University to test the fluids taken from a well operated by Northeast Natural Energy in West Virginia. For more than a year, they've regularly measured the genes, enzymes and chemical isotopes in used fracturing fluid drawn from the well.

Within around 80 days after injection, the researchers found, the organisms inside the well settle into a kind of food chain that Wrighton described this way: Some bacteria eat the fracturing fluid and produce new chemicals, which other bacteria eat. Those bacteria then produce other chemicals, and so on. The last metabolic step ends with certain species of archaea producing methane.

Tests also showed that initially small bacterial populations sometimes bloom into prominence underground. In one case, a particular species that made up only 4 percent of the microbial life going into the well emerged in the used fracturing fluid at levels of 60 percent.

"In terms of the resilience of life, it's new insight for me into the capabilities of microorganisms."

The researchers are working to describe the nature of pathways along which fluids migrate in shale, develop tracers to track fluid migration and biological processes, and identify habitable zones where life might thrive in the deep, hot terrestrial subsurface.

For example, Michael Wilkins, assistant professor of earth sciences and microbiology at Ohio State, leads a part of the project that grows bacteria under high pressure and high temperature conditions.

"Our aim is to understand how the microorganisms operate under such conditions, given that it's likely they've been injected from surface sources, and are accustomed to living at much lower temperatures and normal atmospheric pressure. We're also hoping to see how geochemical signatures of microbial activity, such as methane isotopes, change in these environments," Wilkins said.

Other aspects of the project involve studying how liquid, gas and rock interact underground. In Ohio State's Subsurface Materials Characterization and Analysis Laboratory, Director David Cole models the geochemical reactions taking place inside shale wells. The professor of earth sciences and Ohio Research Scholar is uncovering reaction rates for the migration of chemicals inside shale.

Using tools such as advanced electron microscopy, micro-X-ray computed tomography and neutron scattering, Cole's group studies the pores that form inside shale. The pores range in size from the diameter of a human hair to many times smaller, and early results suggest that connections between these pores may enable microorganisms to access food and room to grow.

Yet another part of the project involves developing new ways to track the methane produced by the bacteria, as well as the methane released from shale fracturing. Thomas Darrah, assistant professor of earth sciences, is developing computer models that trace the pathways fluids follow within the shale and within fracturing equipment.

Though oil and gas companies may not be able to take full advantage of this newly discovered methane source for some time, Wrighton pointed out that there are already examples of bio-assisted methane production in industry, particularly in coal bed methane operations.

"Hydraulic fracturing is a young industry," she said. "It may take decades, but it's possible that biogenesis will play a role in its future.

Other researchers on the project hail from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Maine.


Thanks for being here;
We need your help. The SpaceDaily news network continues to grow but revenues have never been harder to maintain.

With the rise of Ad Blockers, and Facebook - our traditional revenue sources via quality network advertising continues to decline. And unlike so many other news sites, we don't have a paywall - with those annoying usernames and passwords.

Our news coverage takes time and effort to publish 365 days a year.

If you find our news sites informative and useful then please consider becoming a regular supporter or for now make a one off contribution.
SpaceDaily Contributor
$5 Billed Once


credit card or paypal
SpaceDaily Monthly Supporter
$5 Billed Monthly


paypal only


.


Related Links
Ohio State University
All About Oil and Gas News at OilGasDaily.com






Comment on this article via your Facebook, Yahoo, AOL, Hotmail login.

Share this article via these popular social media networks
del.icio.usdel.icio.us DiggDigg RedditReddit GoogleGoogle

Previous Report
OIL AND GAS
Average gas price hovers near $2 per gallon, lowest since 2009
Washington (UPI) Dec 15, 2015
The average national price of unleaded regular gasoline is poised to fall below the $2 per gallon threshold, AAA reported Tuesday. At $2.013 per gallon, the average is the lowest price for gas in the United States since 2009, and 79 cents per gallon lower than the 2015 peak. The price has fallen on 33 of the past 38 days, and the average national price is down two cents per gallon from ... read more


OIL AND GAS
PC steel wires on concrete and steel bridges now visible with terahertz waves

Physics of wrapping miniature droplets takes cue from street foods

Digital Globe to use Raytheon's Constellation Scheduling System

MIT chemists characterize a chemical state thought to be unobservable

OIL AND GAS
General Dynamics to provide communications for USAFCENT in Asia

U.S. Air Force awards Raytheon C-130 radio upgrade contract

L-3 Communications to sell National Security Solutions business to CACI

Intelsat General applies best defense is a good offense to prevent jamming

OIL AND GAS
Japan to launch X-ray astronomy satellite after 2 months

Russia Puts Military Satellite Into Orbit on December 13

GSDO review marks progress for KSC's modernization

India to launch 6 Singaporean satellites

OIL AND GAS
Soyuz in the zone Dec 17 Galileo GPS launch

Europe readies for satellite launch, moves closer to own satnav

Next 2 Galileo satellites get their "boost" for upcoming Soyuz launch

US Air Force General Blasts Raytheon's 'Disaster' GPS Control System

OIL AND GAS
China Southern Airlines orders 110 planes worth $10 bn from Boeing

Boeing delivers final Peace Eagle aircraft to Turkey

Orbital ATK secures patent for helicopter protection system

UK government blasted over London airport expansion delay

OIL AND GAS
Doped organic semiconductors explored

NIST adds to quantum computing toolkit with mixed-atom logic operations

Designer crystals for next-gen electronics

Building blocks for GaN power switches

OIL AND GAS
GOES-R: Launching in October 2016

NASA spots phytoplankton bloom in North Atlantic

Ames and Hera Systems Execute Licensing Agreement

Is That a Forest? That Depends on How You Define It

OIL AND GAS
Tehran's air pollution hits worst level in months

Surveillance secret weapon in China pollution struggle

As garbage mountains rise, Indonesian capital faces waste crisis

Beijing lifts smog red alert









The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2024 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. All articles labeled "by Staff Writers" include reports supplied to Space Media Network by industry news wires, PR agencies, corporate press officers and the like. Such articles are individually curated and edited by Space Media Network staff on the basis of the report's information value to our industry and professional readership. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Statement Our advertisers use various cookies and the like to deliver the best ad banner available at one time. All network advertising suppliers have GDPR policies (Legitimate Interest) that conform with EU regulations for data collection. By using our websites you consent to cookie based advertising. If you do not agree with this then you must stop using the websites from May 25, 2018. Privacy Statement. Additional information can be found here at About Us.