A fleet of kayaks blocked shipping traffic over the weekend at the Port of Newcastle on Australia's east coast, imploring the government to end the country's long reliance on fossil fuel exports.
Authorities agreed to let the protest run for 30 hours, but police boats started closing in when the deadline passed and crowds of activists refused to leave the water.
Among the 109 people arrested was Uniting Church reverend Alan Stuart, who said he wanted to stave off climate disasters for his "grandchildren and future generations".
"I am so sorry that they will have to suffer the consequences of our inaction," he said in a statement ahead of his arrest.
"So, I think it is my duty to do what I can and to stand up for what I know is right."
Protest group Rising Tide, which organised the blockade, said Stuart, 97, was the "oldest" Australian ever arrested in connection with a climate change demonstration.
"We chose to risk arrest because scientists are warning that to avoid catastrophic climate collapse we must urgently phase out fossil fuels," the group said in a statement.
New South Wales Police said five juveniles had also been arrested but did not give their ages.
- 'Fuelling the crisis' -
State premier Chris Minns said Australia needed to keep selling coal if it wanted to fund a clean energy revolution.
"We sold Aus$40 billion (US$26 billion) worth of coal last year and we need this if we're going to transition our economy to renewable energy," he told local radio station 2GB.
"In fact, it is not possible to do it without getting coal royalties as a result of exports."
Australian Greens leader Adam Bandt said nationwide protests would continue to swell if the government did not take the climate crisis seriously.
"People understand, students and older people understand, that it's coal and gas that are fuelling the climate crisis," he told national broadcaster ABC.
A succession of Australian states have passed strict laws in recent years targeting climate protests, drawing condemnation from civil rights organisations and United Nations investigators.
Climate protester Deanna Coco was jailed for 15 months late last year after blocking traffic on Sydney's famed harbour bridge, although her sentence was later quashed on appeal.
Australia has long been one of the world's largest coal producers and a string of new coal mines, oil fields and gas projects are currently in government planning pipelines.
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