But Shi did exactly what China's leadership hopes to see more of -- he turned his back on all that to return to his homeland after two decades abroad.

The recent return of people like Shi, who now heads the life sciences department at Tsinghua University in Beijing, has provided a ray of hope for China in its uphill battle to reverse a long-term "brain drain" of top experts.

"China has contributed disproportionately to the advancement of science and technology in the United States, for example," Shi said of the steady stream of China's best and brightest who left for greener pastures in decades past.

"Behind China's shiny glass skyscrapers, it has an extreme shortage of top talents and that is really regrettable."

With aspirations of becoming a science and technology power, China has tried for years to halt an exodus of top minds, a lingering legacy of the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution when campus upheavals closed universities for years.

The chaos severely set back Chinese science and academia. Afterwards, many of China's best and brightest -- with official encouragement -- opted for study abroad, where most have stayed. Many took foreign citizenship.

But Shi, 43, said China's growing clout and rapidly modernising research institutions make it an increasing draw for returning scholars, known here as "sea turtles" swimming back to their home beaches.

"For talented people to apply their talents, the sky is the limit now in China in terms of innovation," Shi told AFP after a tour of a lab where he studies cell proteins, with possible implications for cancer drug development.

The "sea turtle" response, however, has been weak so far.

From 1978 through 2009, 1.62 million Chinese went abroad for graduate studies, according to the government. Only 460,000 have returned. Last year 229,000 left, up 27.5 percent from 2008.

But returnees leapt 56 percent to 108,000 last year, many drawn by increasingly lucrative enticements and growing research funding.

One current programme offers recruits a basic one million yuan (147,000 dollars) in government funds -- plus additional money from their employers and other sources.

The government this year promised even more attractive policies in the future in its bid to close the technology gap with the West.

The issue resonates in China. Nationalist pioneer Sun Yat-sen and later revolutionaries like Deng Xiaoping and Zhou Enlai, among other notables, were educated or radicalised abroad before returning to shake the halls of power.

Yet experts say continued academic problems repel potential returnees.

They include rampant research plagiarism, a lack of political autonomy at universities, and a sclerotic academic system marked by infighting and an overemphasis on connections, which stifles innovation.

"You have a large number of incompetent scientists that get lots of funding because they work the system," said Rao Yi, who returned in 2007 from a top research position at Northwestern University to head life sciences at Peking University.

"Sea turtles" also encounter resistance from their Chinese peers, who view them as overpaid interlopers, Shi said.

Shi and Rao have spoken out for change. They authored a commentary in the government mouthpiece, the People's Daily, in February urging reforms such as more independence for universities.

But accusations and insults have followed such suggestions, said Shi, who admits it has been a "tough adjustment."

"Suffice to say that my last two and a half years, in terms of dealing with the media and the blogosphere, were not enjoyable," he said.

Cong Cao, a professor of international relations at the State University of New York and an expert on the Chinese academic elite, says China has the "hardware", in terms of research facilities, to succeed.

"But in terms of the software -- whether the system is really ready to produce first-class work -- I'm still not sure," he said.

Rao, who is renouncing his US citizenship to retake a Chinese passport, said patriotism was only a small factor in his return.

"It's more a question of what side of history you want to be on," he said, noting China's rise.

But it will be decades until China rivals the West in innovation, he adds.

"If you look at the curve, in 20 years we could be doing pretty well. But if we don't solve some of the structural problems, maybe we won't go very high, but rather get stuck somewhere in the middle."

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