From the food we eat to the air that we breathe, Nature not only provides mankind with the means to live but also the services to thrive.

Ahead of a major biodiversity summit in Paris expected to outline in the starkest terms yet the threat humans pose to Earth's natural habitats and species, here is a look at what Nature does for us.

- On our plate -

One of the main unseen roles played by Nature comes in the form of pollinating insects.

As much as three quarters of all food produced globally relies on insects to pollinate the crop -- an industry upon which 1.4 billion people rely for income, according to one study.

Yet faced with global temperature increases caused by manmade emissions and poisoned by blanket pesticide use, insects are dying en masse.

This has a cascading effect up the food chain -- birds, lizards and frogs that eat bugs are also dying out. In just 30 years, Europe has lost 80 percent of its insect population leading to the disappearance of some 400 million birds.

In addition, the erosion of coral reefs due to warming seas imperils as much as 30 percent of all marine species, including the fish that half a billion people rely on to feed themselves.

- In the medicine cabinet -

Around half of the active ingredients in commercial medicines derive from plants or animals.

Starfishes, sea urchins and periwinkles are just three of the myriad species known to have anti-carcinogenic properties, while molecules from marine worms have proven crucial in preserving skin grafts.

But the health benefits of simply living near Nature -- reducing allergies, alleviating chronic physical and mental conditions -- might outweigh those provided by any drug.

One US study of 100,000 people over eight years showed those who lived within 250 metres of a green space were 12 percent less likely to die than those who didn't.

Four billion people rely primarily on natural medicines for their healthcare, and 70 percent of drugs used for cancer are natural or bio-inspired, according to a draft report to be vetted at the Paris meeting.

- Our sinks -

Plants and micro-organisms play a vital role in providing humans with clean water for drinking and crop production, sucking out dangerous particles from rainfall and sanitising groundwater.

According to biologist Gilles Boeuf, "no waste treatment plant can ever be as good as a living swamp" for clean water production.

- The air we breathe -

Forests and oceans absorb around half of all manmade greenhouse gas emissions annually, offsetting the worst excesses of global warming and providing us with clean air to breathe.

But as emissions continue to rise and the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere hit their highest in three million years, scientists warn that Earth's natural CO2 absorbtion ability may not be able to keep pace.

Plants are also a powerful filter against air pollution in cities. A recent study in Shanghai showed that its green spaces were capable of capturing 10 percent of dangerous fine particles.

Another study, from 2008, showed a fully-grown tree can sequester as much as 20 kilogrammes of particulate matter.

- Our wallets -

Much research has tried to evaluate the worth, in monetary terms, of the services rendered to us by Nature.

One estimate puts Nature's worth at $125 trillion each year, corresponding to roughly a half of global GDP.

Insect pollination alone is worth $200 billion per annum.

One study from 2010 put the cost of biodiversity loss at between $1.35-3.1 trillion annually.

In degrading Nature humanity harms itself, UN report warns
Paris (AFP) April 25, 2019 - Diplomats and scientists from 130 nations gather in Paris next week to vet and validate the first UN global assessment of the state of Nature in more than a decade, and the news is not good.

A quarter of 100,000 species already assessed are on a path to extinction, and the total number facing a forced exit from the world stage is closer to a million, according to an executive summary, obtained by AFP, of a 1,800-page scientific report three years in the making.

A score of 10-year targets adopted in 2010 under the UN's biodiversity treaty -- to expand protected areas, slow species and forest loss, and reduce pollution impact -- will almost all fail, the draft Summary for Policy Makers reports.

But the focus of the five-day meet is not just pangolins, pandas, polar bears and the multitude of less "charismatic" lifeforms that humanity is eating, crowding or poisoning into oblivion.

Rather, the spotlight is on the one species that has so ravaged Earth's natural systems as to imperil its own existence as well.

That, of course, would be us: homo sapiens.

The accelerating loss of clean air, drinkable water, healthy soil, pollinating insects, protein-rich fish and storm-blocking mangroves -- to name but a few of the dwindling services rendered by Nature -- poses no less of a threat to humanity than climate change, according to the report, set to be unveiled May 6.

"Up to now, we have talked about the importance of biodiversity mostly from an environmental perspective," said Robert Watson, chair of the UN-mandated body that compiled the report, told AFP.

"Now we are saying that Nature is crucial for food production, for pure water, for medicines and even social cohesion."

And to fight climate change, he added.

Forests and oceans, for example, soak up half of the planet-warming greenhouse gases we spew into the atmosphere. If they didn't, Earth might already be locked into an unliveable future of runaway global warming.

And yet, an area of tropical forest five times the size of England has been destroyed since 2014, mainly to service the growing global demand for beef, biofuels, soy beans and palm oil.

It would be like setting fire to a lifeboat while lost at sea in order to cook the fish one just caught.

- Hidden impacts -

"We need to recognise that climate change and loss of Nature are equally important, not just for the environment, but as development and economic issues as well," Watson said.

"The way we produce our food and energy is undermining the regulating services that we get from Nature."

Set up in 2012, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) synthesises published science for policymakers in the same way the IPCC does for climate.

Both advisory bodies are tied to UN treaties.

But the Convention on Biological Diversity has always been a poor stepchild compared to its climate counterpart, and the IPBES -- unlike the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- was added two decades later as an afterthought, making its authority harder to establish.

For the public, "biodiversity" remains an abstract concept, and its impacts harder to see: species loss is invisible and remote compared to deadly heatwaves, superstorms and sea-level rise.

"There is no question that the climate convention is stronger," Watson said.

"But our goal is to make sure that governments and the private sector really start to take biodiversity as seriously as they do climate."

- Species disappearing -

One major finding of the report to be reviewed next week that might help do that is "an imminent rapid acceleration in the global rate of species extinction."

The pace of loss "is already tens to hundreds of times higher than it has been, on average, over the last 10 million years," it notes.

"Half-a-million to a million species are projected to be threatened with extinction, many within decades."

Experts on biodiversity are also trying to engineer a "Paris moment," something equivalent to the 2015 climate treaty that set a hard target for capping global warming at under two degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit).

That could come next year in China at the next full meeting of the Convention on Biodiversity, they say.

But the plan to save Nature -- and humanity along with it -- must be every bit as "transformative" as the changes proposed to avert a climate-addled future of human misery, said Watson.

"The way we produce and use energy, with way we produce and waste food -- all of that has to be looked at," he said.

"The global report will make the case that biodiversity is essential to a sustainable world and human well-being."

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One million species risk extinction due to humans: draft UN report
Paris (AFP) April 23, 2019
Up to one million species face extinction due to human influence, according to a draft UN report obtained by AFP that painstakingly catalogues how humanity has undermined the natural resources upon which its very survival depends. The accelerating loss of clean air, drinkable water, CO2-absorbing forests, pollinating insects, protein-rich fish and storm-blocking mangroves - to name but a few of the dwindling services rendered by Nature - poses no less of a threat than climate change, says the repo ... read more