The payload on PROBA-2 includes two complementary solar observation instruments, SWAP (Sun Watcher using Active pixel system detector and image Processing) and LYRA (Large Yield RAdiometer). As the Sun reawakens after a long period of quiescence, these small instruments will make significant contributions to our understanding of the dynamic processes that drive our nearest star.

SWAP is an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) telescope that provides images of the Sun's multimillion degree corona every about two minutes - seven times faster than the EIT instrument on the ESA-NASA SOHO spacecraft. It is able to observe phenomena associated with the birth of solar flares and huge eruptions of plasma known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

Acting as a solar monitor, SWAP is capable of recording the evolution over time of every event in the low solar corona that might be of relevance to space weather. Its images provide important information on the location of coronal holes (the source of high speed solar wind streams), active regions (a potential source of solar flares) and filaments (potential eruption sites).

Collected data are buffered onboard so that the latest images with highest priorities are sent to ground first. Priorities are allocated in order to guarantee complete time coverage and full telemetry use.

LYRA is a small solar ultraviolet (UV-EUV) radiometer which is designed to observe solar irradiance - the radiative output of the Sun - at the highest cadence yet achieved (> 20 Hz) in four ultraviolet wavelength ranges. These channels were chosen for their relevance to aeronomy, space weather and solar physics applications.

This means that the solar output in different UV bands is sampled at least once every 50 milliseconds. Such rapid sampling makes it possible to see how energy is released during solar events.

"LYRA comprises three redundant groups of detectors, each capable of measuring solar irradiance in four key UV spectral bands," said Marie Dominique of the Royal Observatory of Belgium, Principal Investigator for LYRA.

"Most are made of diamond, instead of silicon - the first time such detectors have been used in space. This means that they are less affected by Earth's radiation belts, particularly the South Atlantic Anomaly. By using diamond photodetectors, the number of filters required to block unwanted visible radiation can also be reduced and serious attenuation of the desired UV radiation can be minimised."

"LYRA is complementary to SWAP and to instruments on other missions," she added. "We can study variations in the UV flux with LYRA, and then try to find the spatial origin of the flux with SWAP."

Calibrated SWAP data has been available for some time, but until now only the LYRA engineering data has been available. Although this uncalibrated data can be used to detect UV variability, it does not provide absolute values.

"There have already been some studies of oscillations in the flux during flares," said Marie Dominique. "These provide information on the physical phenomena occurring during flare initialization."

"LYRA has also been used to look at the Sun through Earth's upper atmosphere, and the degree of attenuation will provide information about the composition, density and layering of the atmosphere."

"In future, we expect to be able to conduct a temporal and spectral analysis of solar flares, and establish the contribution of UV to overall solar irradiance. We will also be able to characterise the corona as its UV output is gradually extinguished during eclipses."

To date, three guest investigators have also used LYRA data to look for the source of solar variability, to reconstruct solar events and for cross-calibration between LYRA and other missions. However, the availability of calibrated LYRA data will open up many new possibilities.

"We are very much looking forward to using the calibrated LYRA data," said Matthieu Kretzschmar, scientific collaborator from the Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Space Environment, Orleans, France. "This will be important in enabling us to compare the data from the two instruments and to analyse the active processes taking place on the Sun."

The LYRA data will be available in FITS file format, with plots in jpg and png formats, and can be accessed via the PROBA-2 Science Centre.

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