Climate change has a variety of unexpected consequences. The latest: airplane turbulence.

Warmer air and higher concentrations of CO2 are affecting the movement of jet streams in the atmosphere. As the climate continues to warm, researchers expect instances of turbulence to increase.

Scientists used supercomputers to simulate the changes in air movement at cruising altitudes. Their analysis, detailed in the journal Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, suggests the prospects of severe turbulence between 30,000 and 40,000 feet will increase by 149 percent if levels of atmospheric CO2 are doubled.

Every year, there are nearly 800 instances of severe turbulence -- often occurring suddenly in clear air -- injuring an average of 55 flight attendants and passengers traveling on U.S. carriers. Nearly 700 people suffer minor injuries, and some suggest those numbers are overly conservative, as many incidents and injuries go unreported.

"For most passengers, light turbulence is nothing more than an annoying inconvenience that reduces their comfort levels, but for nervous fliers even light turbulence can be distressing," lead researcher Paul Williams, a climate scientist at the University of Reading, said in a news release. "However, even the most seasoned frequent fliers may be alarmed at the prospect of a 149 percent increase in severe turbulence, which frequently hospitalizes air travellers and flight attendants around the world."

Light and moderate instances of turbulence are not likely to increase nearly as much severe turbulence. Scientists focused on severe turbulence in clear air because it is the most dangerous, as flight attendants and passengers are often unprepared.

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Plant pollen and fungal spores can be found at variable heights in the air, even at elevations up to 2000 meters. This is the conclusion of a report by researchers of Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen and Technical University of Munich together with Greek colleagues, which was published in the journal Scientific Reports. Hitherto it was assumed that such allergens are mainly present close to where they ... read more

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